Short Note On Carnitine Shuttle: Fatty acids are oxidized in mitochondria, and synthesized in the cytoplasm. Long chain fatty acids must form an active intermediate, fatty acyl CoA, before being oxidized inside mitochondria. Catherine Functional differences between l and d carnitine in metabolic regulation evaluated using a low carnitine Nile tilapia model British Journal of Nutrition Cambridge Core Role of Carnitine in Non alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease and Other Related Diseases: An Update. Abstract Europe PMC History of L carnitine: Implications for renal disease Journal of Renal Nutrition Critical Role of Mitochondrial Fatty Acid Metabolism in Normal Cell Function and Pathological Conditions Fatty Acid Oxidation Biochemistry Class Notes Fiveable