Comprehensive review of the expanding roles of the carnitine pool in metabolic physiology: beyond fatty acid oxidation Journal of Translational Medicine Springer Nature Link l Carnitine reduces reactive oxygen species endoplasmic reticulum stress and maintains mitochondrial function during autophagy mediated cell apoptosis in perfluorooctanesulfonate treated renal tubular cells Scientific Reports Involvement of impaired carnitine induced fatty acid oxidation in experimental and human diabetic kidney disease The Role of l Carnitine in Mitochondria, Prevention of Metabolic Inflexibility and Disease Initiation Frontiers Dietary supplementation with L carnitine elevates intracellular carnitine levels and affects gene expression of SLC25A20 and COX4I1, as well as non mitochondrial respiration of bovine blood cells during systemic immune challenge Metabolism: The carnitine shuttle and fatty acid metabolism (practice) Khan Academy